Is battery electric vehicle the only solution?

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Abstract:

Meeting the challenge of global warming as well as the coming of age of the IoT, the automotive industry is now in a time of paradigm shifts. Regarding paradigm shifts in the automotive industry, developments in the major powers, including developed countries and China, have been receiving attention. However, automotive are running everywhere on the entire planet. So, even after the paradigm shifts, automotive must continue to be acceptable by all countries, including not only major powers but also minor powers. In this paper, the minor powers consist of emerging countries (except China) and the least developed countries.
Regarding the powertrain of automotive, the transition from the internal combustion engine to electric motor is becoming the consensus, while several kinds of hybrid system are being utilized as transitional technologies. xEV consists of all kinds of hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Among these, while the battery electric vehicle is considered as an ideal for the next generation automotive, it is unacceptable by most least developed countries, including Myanmar. Nevertheless, some emerging countries, including Thailand, are working hard to catch up with the movement towards BEV. However, it seems that BEV is not always ideal for both Thai people and its society.
I think the next-generation automotive will not necessarily be the battery electric vehicle. As far as meeting the condition that it is carbon-neutral, multiple options must be admitted.